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Astragalus Blossoms in the Karakum Desert

In early spring, one can observe various astragalus species blossoming on the sand dunes, exhaling a subtle, exquisite delicate aroma. Less often, astragalus can be found at the foothills, where they do not “climb” high. The representatives of Astragalus alopecias that have fluffy spherical panicles-inflorescences are particularly beautiful; seven species are known, including Astragalus globiceps and Astragalus schahrudensis These large perennials up to 1 metre high with seven-centimetre inflorescences in diameter adorn flower beds. Astragalus macrobotrys with elongated inflorescences with pinkish-purple flowers that can be found in the sands has a peculiar form. The “inhabitant” of the Karakum Desert, Astragalus flexus blooms beautifully; its bright yellow large flowers form racemose inflorescences. The endemic gem of the nature of the Kopetdag Mountains is the cushion-shaped Astragalus podolobus. In the spring, during the blooming period, it resembles an impressive bunch of flowers – a fragrant pink-purple “ball” on the rocks, up to 80 centimetres in diameter. Some of astragalus species are attractive during the fruiting period. Astragalus chiwensis is quite extraordinary; it reaches 70 centimetres in height and diameter in wet years. Shaggy leaves and racemes of swollen beans give the shrub its originality. Astragalus sericopetalus is an endemic plant of the mountains covere

Spring tree planting campaign

«Türkmenistan Sport», № 1 (13), 2022 On March 20, 2022, the spring tree planting campaign was launched with the participation of President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedov.

Pro­fes­sion that Gives Joy

The­re is a pro­fes­sion – a flo­rist, which gives a go­od mo­od for peop­le. For as long as she can re­mem­ber, Sa­par­gul Mam­met­ku­liyeva, an ag­ro­no­mist at the green­hou­se comp­lex of the Pub­lic Uti­li­ties De­part­ment of the Ash­ga­bat Hya­kim­lik, has al­ways be­en sur­roun­ded by flo­wers and plants. It was so in Mag­tym­gu­ly et­rap, whe­re she spent her child­hood and in the sett­le­ment of Chan­dy­bil, whe­re she la­ter wor­ked as a mas­ter gar­de­ner for several years and at the foot­hills of the Ko­pet­dag Moun­tains, in a new green­hou­se comp­lex. In­te­res­ting­ly, the love of this won­der­ful pro­fes­sion and in fact, the way of li­fe, was ins­til­led in the crafts­wo­man by her fat­her, who for a long ti­me, un­til re­ti­re­ment, wor­ked as a fo­re­man in the nur­se­ry of the Gök Gu­şak Joint Stock Com­pa­ny. In­deed, fol­lo­wing the es­tab­lis­hed rhythm, Sa­par­gul be­gins her wor­king day by discus­sing the tasks of the cur­rent day with her friend­ly te­am that con­sists of 15 peop­le. And the­re are a lot of them: the checking of how seed­lings grow in special cas­set­tes for sub­sequent plan­ting in open ground, the se­pa­ra­tion of flo­wers by varie­ty and colour sche­me, the pre­pa­ra­tion of pot­ted flo­wers and much mo­re.

Bloo­ming vio­lets and win­ter-sweets

In the flo­wer­beds of city parks, lacy leaves of or­na­men­tal cab­ba­ge and bright frag­rant calen­du­la flo­wers are still blos­so­ming in splen­dour. So­on, in ear­ly March, mass plan­ting of an­nual and pe­ren­nial flo­wer crops is be­gin­ning in the capi­tal city. From now on, every day in flo­wer­beds along the cent­ral avenues and streets, thou­sands of various species of or­na­men­tal flo­we­ring plants, cut­tings of ro­ses and wild ro­ses will be plan­ted dai­ly, ta­king in­to account two months of bright but short Turk­men spring in or­der to crea­te a con­ti­nuous se­ries of flo­we­ring, whe­re the blos­som fa­ding of so­me flo­wers would be com­pen­sa­ted by the bloom of ot­hers. To do this, plan­ting pat­terns, com­bi­na­tions of plants and the quan­ti­ties of seeds la­id in au­tumn in con­tai­ners with a nut­rient mixtu­re are calcula­ted. And now, in the nur­se­ries, green­hou­ses and con­servato­ries of the capi­tal city, count­less Ka­lanchoe, ge­ra­niums, ma­ri­golds, pe­tu­nias and decora­tive pop­pies have al­rea­dy be­en grown and are rea­dy for transp­lan­ta­tion. A few weeks be­fo­re the plan­ting sea­son, landscaping work be­gan: dig­ging and pre­pa­ring the so­il, re­novating tree plan­ta­tions and clea­ring the ho­les from de­ad plants.

Pis­tachio Grove on the Outs­kirts of the Capi­tal

The af­fo­res­ted hills in Bik­rova, app­roaching the sout­hern outs­kirts of the capi­tal, are low: on­ly 200-300 met­res above sea level. The ear­liest and ma­tu­re fo­rest plan­ta­tions are concent­ra­ted on a vast area up to the Ko­pet­dag rid­ge. The hills be­gin to “swell” and “dive” down be­hind the last row of cot­ta­ges – the foot­hill start the­re. The bo­ta­nical ra­ri­ties li­ned up ne­ar the count­ry ro­ad – mul­ber­ry trees, po­pu­lar­ly cal­led “han tut”, its fruits are juicy and full of “cher­ry-rasp­ber­ry” juice, Zi­zip­hus, pecan trees and Elaeag­nus orien­ta­lis, and pis­tachio trees can be se­en be­hind them. If you climb hig­her, you can see that the­re are ma­ny of them – a lar­ge grove, about 50 ma­tu­re trees. The trees are in excel­lent con­di­tion and de­monst­ra­te their unp­re­ten­tious­ness to soils and lack of ir­ri­ga­tion in a se­mi-wild landscape. Cer­tain­ly, the seed­lings we­re loo­ked af­ter, wa­te­red and kept nou­ris­hed du­ring their ear­ly years. When wal­king amongst the trees, the count­ry’s ol­dest fo­res­ter Ak­mu­rad Ata­mu­ra­dov, a specia­list in pis­tachio cul­tivation, explai­ned that the grove con­sists of fe­ma­le and ma­le trees, the fe­ma­le trees be­ar lar­ge fruits, lar­ge clus­ters re­sult from the cros­sing with lar­ge-frui­ted forms. The first trees we­re plan­ted expe­ri­men­tal­ly 15 years ago. To­day, the out­door b

Fa­rab sphinx

in the ni­ne­teenth cen­tu­ry, the Ger­man scien­tist A. Hum­boldt is known to have int­ro­duced the term “na­tu­ral mo­nu­ment” in­to science. It means ama­zing na­tu­ral spots or frag­ments. In the Le­bap velayat, the most fa­mous of them are located in the south, in the Koy­ten­dag et­rap. The­se are, first of all, the world fa­mous pla­teaus with di­no­saur tracks left 150 mil­lion years ago and karst caves with their ama­zing­ly beau­ti­ful in­lea­ka­ge decora­tion. De­pen­ding on the scien­ti­fic and aest­he­tic value and unique­ness, na­tu­ral mo­nu­ments dif­fer in their im­por­tance in descen­ding or­der and in ot­her sta­tu­ses: re­gio­nal, na­tio­nal and local. Yes, such att­ractions do not have to com­pe­te with tho­se that scien­tists and tou­rists and simp­ly lovers of beau­ty know about in ma­ny count­ries. Ho­wever, this do­es not me­an that na­tu­ral mo­nu­ments of local im­por­tance are not of in­te­rest, this is evidenced by the unique cor­ners of na­tu­re located in the Fa­rab et­rap.

In the Feat­he­red King­dom

The re­la­tions­hip bet­ween hu­mans and na­tu­re, which ori­gi­na­tes from the depths of cen­tu­ries, has not lost its his­to­rical and educatio­nal sig­ni­ficance un­til now. This is the cent­re of un­re­mit­ting at­ten­tion of Pre­si­dent Gurbanguly Ber­di­mu­ha­me­dov – a con­nois­seur and expert in the flo­ra and fau­na of our sun­ny count­ry.

At the expanses of the caspian region

The scientific “portfolio” of the National Institute of Deserts, Flora and Fauna has been updated, and the laboratories have chosen new scientific topics for the period 2021–2025. In the pre-winter period, the expedition trips of 2021, which scientists use to study nature seasonally, to collect material and to advance in research in their areas of study, ended. In the schedule of activities of scientists of the biodiversity laboratory of the Institute, the last trip was listed as “monitoring of the vegetation of the Caspian deserts and their economic importance”. Geo-botanical studies covered the Krasnovodsk plateau, the Oktumgum sands and the Turkmenbashi-Garabogaz seaside alluvial lowland. Berdymurad Yazhanov, a postgraduate student of the Institute of Applied and General Biology of the Oguzhan Engineering and Technology University, joined the group of researchers. For him it was the first field experience. The Karakum Desert is contrasting: at different time of the year it looks like either blooming or scorched wasteland; now against the background of a monotonous grey space on saline soils, there are red-orange “islands” due to the presence of annual juicy halophytes – Climacoptera, Suaeda and Salsola sclerantha, which continue vegetating due to the lack of frost. Of interest is the vegetation of the site adjacent to the southern coast of the Garabogazgol Ba

Rare Animals in Camera Traps

To take a picture of a rare animal at close range is a great success even for nature inspectors who conduct regular inspections around the areas of the state nature reserves. Sometimes, black kites, vultures, steppe eagles or eagle owls are captured at the nesting site, and a fox searching for food is spotted. The workers of the Badhyz Nature Reserve were lucky to see a leopard tracking down its prey and leaving for a den with two cubs; ecologists admired the dizzying leaps of adult bezoar goats in the Kopetdag Mountains. From time to time, a wolf and a hyena get into the camera traps. In recent years, ecologists of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Protection have introduced automatic cameras, the so-called camera traps, into the practice of scientific natural history. These cameras help conduct observations of rare, “Red Data Book” animals in their natural habitats, which the staff of the nature reserves could see rarely when carrying out planned research activities and biodiversity inventory. This was partly due to the predominantly night or twilight schedule of wakefulness or great caution of these animals. This method has been used in the Koytendag Mountains since 2013, and it gave a brilliant result – a lynx with two kittens got into the camera trap. Scientists do not even have to dream about seeing such a scene; this animal is very sensitive to human pre

Camera trap captures a leopard in the Badkhyz Reserve

«7-24.tm», № 03 (86), 17.01.2022 A Persian leopard was spotted on the territory of the Badkhyz State Nature Reserve. A camera trap captured the predator. Camera traps are the special devices equipped with a motion sensor. They can take a photo or video of animals from a close distance without human intervention.

The Land Where “the Wind Is Born”

Since ancient times, the lowlands of Badhyz have served as natural passages from the countries of Front Asia eastwards to Central Asia and Western China. Those places were famous for rich pastures and comfortable wintering sites. Caravan routes ran there in ancient times. From those times, there remained barely noticeable tracks of roads, the ruins of fortresses and caravan sheds, abandoned wells and memories of the local nature of travellers, who had to overcome Badhyz dense forests for several days in the 13th century. The contemporary look of the vegetable cover is peculiar – a savannah type pistachio open woodland. The diorama in the section of Badhyz in the Department of Local Nature of the State Museum of the State Cultural Centre of Turkmenistan provides visitors with the view of one of the beautiful natural sites of our country. Its name is translated as the land where the wind is born. This year, the Badhyz State Nature Reserve, located in the interfluve between the rivers and founded to preserve the riches of the local animal and vegetable kingdom, is celebrating 80 years.

Diverse Mountainous Juniper

The formation of the floristic composition of juniper forests, the impact of such groups on the environment determined the importance of the plant for the sustainable development of the entire vegetation cover of the mountains. In the structure of the vegetation cover of the Kopetdag Mountains, the presence of the Turkmen juniper reflects the ecological stability of ecosystems. The flow rate of mountain springs and small rivers, the control over the mudflow hazard factor, the structure and productivity of plant communities and the wellbeing of the entire flora and fauna depend on the safety of juniper woodlands. Due to their geographical position, the Kopetdag Mountains separate the deserts of Turan and Iran and at the same time connect the mountainous regions of Zagros, the Armenian Highlands, Transcaucasia and Atropatena (Northern Iran) with the Pamir-Alai system and Hindu Kush, and they are a kind of region with a system of parallel ridges elongated in the north-western-eastern direction. In addition, the Kopetdag Mountains are a barrier to air masses that conditions the climate of southern Turkmenistan, a fresh water accumulator, a supplier of valuable soil-forming rocks and a centre of origin and genetic diversity of many plants and animals with a rather high degree of endemism. According to their structural features, they are distinguished into the Western, Central and E

Secrets of the Vegetable Kingdom

The UN announced a decade of the restoration of ecological systems for the period from 2021 to 2030, due to the fact that the degradation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems leads to economic losses, while more than two billion hectares of deforested and degraded land can be restored, a new study by UNEP says. According to preliminary estimates, by 2030 it is planned to “return to life” from 765 million to 1 billion hectares of agricultural and wet lands worldwide. The nature-forming role in ecosystems is played by the vegetation cover of land or sea algae, and it is not in vain that biologists, ecologists and climatologists pay special attention to afforestation and the restoration of forests and phytoplankton of reservoirs and to the study of the ability of plants of different climatic zones to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to maintain the healthy state of natural complexes.

Dag­dan Means “from Moun­tains”

In the world flo­ra, the area of the Cel­tis encircles the glo­be in a wi­de strip, the nort­hern bor­der of which pas­ses through Ja­pan, con­ti­nen­tal Asia and sout­hern Eu­ro­pe, and the sout­hern bor­der runs through Aust­ra­lia, the Cape re­gion of Af­rica and Ar­gen­ti­na. Des­pi­te the high po­ly­morp­hism, the­re are 50 Cel­tis species, the plant re­tains a sing­le ty­pe of structu­re of flo­wers, fruits and leaves, occupying various ecolo­gical niches. This beau­ti­ful, po­wer­ful tree with a luxurious fif­teen-met­re crown is one of the few deciduous drought-re­sis­tant rock plants. Its bluish-green hard leat­he­ry leaves tend to curl in hot weat­her, which re­duces trans­pi­ra­tion – evapo­ra­tion of mois­tu­re. Fruits – dru­pes with fles­hy swee­tish pulp – ri­pen by Octo­ber, un­til la­te au­tumn they stay on the branches, serving as fo­od for birds. The light-loving plant li­kes free­dom and space, spreads its crown wi­de­ly, grows slow­ly, but lives up to 600 years, forms a develo­ped ro­ot sys­tem, kee­ping li­mes­to­ne outcrops and ot­her rocky moun­tain expo­su­res in low­lands from was­hout and wind ero­sion.

Lake under the Vaults of the Cave

An underground lake with a length equal to a football field was discovered accidentally in the Koytendag Mountains six years ago. To be more precise, the water level of the underground hydraulic system dropped so much that the water receded from the upper horizons and released a new underground “double” hall, the ceiling of which was partly the bottom of a vast depression, in which water used to appear on the surface. Now, the entrance to the caves is an impressive land subsidence with a diameter of 100 metres and a depth of 50 metres. The discoverers dedicated the discovery to a caver from Gaurdak, speleo-diver and explorer of the Koytendag caves Igor Kutuzov. The examination of the newly formed cavity revealed the first “dry” hall 45 metres long and the second, spacious hall 125 metres long, with a lake, the clear water of which allows you to see the bottom at great depths. The maximum ceiling height is 25 metres. The karst lake is notable for being part of an underground hydraulic system and, in accordance with the principle of communicating vessels, it keeps one water level or “horizon”. That is why the lake “breathes”, the level of its water “mirror’” fluctuates – it goes up and down, depending on the season of the year. According to the initial results, the length of the reservoir is 87 metres, the width is 62 metres and the total area is 4,400 square metres. This is the

Filled with Echoes of Ancient Times

The valley of the Sumbar River is an unusual place in Turkmenistan that attracts like a magnet with its natural monuments and amazing beauty of nature. Magtymguly etrap, Balkan velayat, is a kind of centre of the Sumbar valley. For example, one of such attractions is Uch-deshik cave, or, as it is also called, Sheripe, located on the right bank of the Chendir River on a steep hill about 30 metres high. The curtain of the stream falls from a wide stone ledge in a scattering of silver spray. Many legends are associated with that place.

Cold Akpatlavuk Volcano

There are many fascinating places in the world that make people enchanted by the beauty and harmony of nature. Undoubtedly, one of such corners of nature is a mud volcano called Akpatlavuk, whose name is translated as White Volcano. It is located in the so-called South Caspian depression in south-western Turkmenistan, where almost half of all mud volcanoes of the world are located. There are more than 200 of them in the region, and about 30 volcanoes are located in the territory of Turkmenistan. Their number varies depending on the activity of the bowels of the earth. For example, a new mud volcano appeared in Turkmenistan’s water area of the Caspian Sea in 2017. Akpatlavuk is located between the villages of Ekerem and Esenguly in the Balkan velayat. This natural wonder is one of the highest and most active volcanoes in the region. It arouses fascination with its grandeur; its height is about 80-90 metres. The road to the volcano runs along a deserted off-road. After arriving at the foot of the mountain, we climbed its slope, where various shrubs and herbs, such as harmala, wormwood and other plants used in folk medicine grew. The scent of these herbs can be dizzying with a variety of aromas.

Ethnographic Wonders of Ayry-Baba

Rocks, wind, snow, low temperatures and oxygen deficiency make the mountain peaks difficult to reach. But despite this, people have been striving to conquer them since ancient times. Is this why mountain peaks are revered as places of patience and endurance, spirituality and holiness? For example, Mount Kailash in India, Mount Fuji, Mount Sulaiman-Too in Kyrgyzstan, Mount Khan Tengri in Tianshan on the border of three states, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and China, and Mount Ararat that Armenia and Turkey associate with their culture. Likewise, the top of the Koytendag ridge – Mount Ayry-baba is not only the highest point of those mountains and Turkmenistan (3,139 metres above sea level), but is also is a sanctuary revered by local people. When approaching the Koytendag Mountains, the summit can be seen for hundreds of kilometres away. It can be seen in snow and cumulus clouds, in fogs and under a bright sun, in any weather. Its majesty is so attractive that you cannot take your eyes off. In winter, those places are covered with snow, some niches have the ice cover ten metres thick. In summer, standing on the summit, you can admire goats and mountain rams grazing in the mountain meadows and watch the birds of prey soaring at lower altitudes. In early spring, and sometimes even in February, the rare Crocus korolkowii blooms there at the edge of the melting snow. Though there are peaks

Me­dicinal Milkvetches of the Koy­ten­dag Moun­tains

The flo­ra of Turk­me­nis­tan inclu­des about three thou­sand species, of which one-third can be found in the Koy­ten­dag Moun­tains – in gor­ges, on hills, at foot­hills and along moun­tain rivers and la­kes. Among the plants that comp­le­ment the local landscape are ama­zing milkvetches (Ast­ra­ga­lus). In dif­fe­rent parts of the count­ry, 157 species grow, 63 of them can be found in the moun­tain zo­nes of the sout­heast of the count­ry at an al­ti­tu­de of 2,500 met­res above sea level; ni­ne species are en­de­mic, for examp­le, Ast­ra­ga­lus ke­li­fi, and twen­ty ones can be att­ri­bu­ted to ra­re plants. Bio­lo­gical­ly active subs­tances found in various or­gans of the­se le­gu­mi­nous plants are cha­racte­ri­sed as me­dicinal, fod­der, or­na­men­tal, dyeing, or in­dust­rial raw ma­te­rial. High in the moun­tains, milkvetches are ra­re, they pre­fer the flat foot­hills and even the san­dy areas of the Ka­ra­kum De­sert; they are well ea­ten by lives­tock, the­re­fo­re so­me of them are used in fod­der pro­ducti­on. The­re is a ne­ed for do­mes­tication in their na­tu­ral ha­bi­tats by ad­di­tio­nal over-gras­sing. Lives­tock bree­ders app­reciate their tall­ness, pro­ductivity, high ger­mi­na­tion capacity even af­ter secon­da­ry mo­wing, re­sis­tance to adver­se environ­men­tal inf­luences, di­sea­ses and pests. A num­ber of milkvetches in so­me qua­li­ties are

Oasis around Mounts Syunt and Hasar

Protected by two ridges of Mounts Syunt and Hasar, the valley of the Sumbar river is a wonderful corner of nature. The endlessly long Aydere gorge, partly included in the Syunt-Hasardag State Nature Reserve of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Protection of Turkmenistan, stretches there. The river of the same name, repeating the bends of the canyon’s sides, has a fast and stormy current, many small waterfalls – the most beautiful one can be found in the side gorge of the Sumbar valley called Gochdemir, and also rapids, rifts, chutes and shallow areas where moisture-loving and aquatic plants cling to the walls. Walking along this wide corridor, you can imagine yourself in a botanical garden, looking at the tall elm trees, which in the East are called karagach. These fast-growing light-loving deciduous giants are able to withstand cold and heat equally well. The tree adorns both the south and the north of the country, thus attracting the attention of gardeners and ecologists. There, low trees of Acer turcomanicum coexist with thickets of barberry and wild rose, rare wild-growing trees of Malus turkmenorum and Pyrus boissieriana are hidden in the thick of the forest. The place near the water is occupied by walnut trees and white-trunked plane trees, wild grapes and lush blackberry bushes “cling” to smooth rocks, and fig and cherry plum trees have chosen the dry sides of