Turkmenistan is located in the southwest of the Central Asia region. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and the Caspian Sea to the west. The northern areas of Turkmenistan experience longer, colder winters and more snow and shorter, relatively milder summers. The southern regions experience milder winters with average temperature well above freezing point and the hottest summers.

In Turkmenistan, ecology is influenced by its diverse landscapes and unique ecosystems. Turkmenistan is the home to several significant ecological regions, including the Karakum Desert, the Caspian Sea coast and the Kopetdag mountain range.